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-
Proximal humerus
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular unifocal fracture of greater tuberosity, not displaced
- A1.2 Extraarticular unifocal fracture of greater tuberosity, displaced
- A1.3 Extraarticular unifocal fracture with glenohumeral dislocation
- A2 Extraarticular unifocal fracture, impacted metaphyseal
- A3 Extraarticular unifocal fracture, nonimpacted metaphyseal
- B1.1/3 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, with metaphyseal impaction, greater tuberosity is off
- B1.2 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, with metaphyseal impaction, lesser tuberosity is off
- B2 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, without metaphyseal impaction
- B3 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, with glenohumeral dislocation
- C1.1 Articular fracture with slight displacement, cephalotubercular, with valgus malalignment
- C1.2 Articular fracture with slight displacement, cephalotubercular, with varus malalignment
- C1.3 Articular fracture with slight displacement, anatomical neck (non-displaced / displaced)
- C2.1 Articular fracture, impacted with marked displacement, cephalotubercular, with valgus malalignment
- C2.2 Articular fracture, impacted with marked displacement, cephalotubercular, with varus malalignment
- C2.3 Articular fracture, impacted with marked displacement, transcephalic (double profile image on X-ray) and tubercular, with varus malalignment
- C3.1 Articular fracture, dislocated, anatomical neck (anterior / posterior)
- C3.2 Articular fracture, dislocated , anatomical neck and tuberosities (head impacted / non-impacted)
- C3.3 Articular fracture, dislocated, cephalotubercular fragmentation (head intact / fragmented)
-
Humerus shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anterolateral approach
- Lateral approach
- Dorsal (posterior) approach
- MIPO approach
- Antegrade nailing approach
- Retrograde nailing approach
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple fractures, spiral
- A2 Simple fractures, oblique (>30°)
- A3 Simple fractures, transverse (<30°)
- B1 Spiral wedge fractures
- B2 Bending wedge fractures
- B3 Fragmented wedge fractures
- C1 Complex spiral fractures
- C2 Segmental complex fractures
- C3 Irregular complex fractures
-
Distal humerus
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral approach
- Medial approach
- Transolecranon approach
- Posterior triceps-on approach
- Triceps-elevating approach
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular apophyseal avulsion fractures, lateral epicondyle
- A1.2 Extraarticular apophyseal avulsion fractures, medial epicondyle
- A1.3 Extraarticular apophyseal avulsion fractures, medial epicondyle, incarcerated
- A2.1/2 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal simple, oblique downwards
- A2.3 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal simple, transverse
- A3.1/2 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal wedge, multifragmentary
- A3.3 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal multifragmentary, complex
- B1 Partial articular fractures, lateral sagittal
- B2.1 Partial articular fractures, medial sagittal, medial transtrochlear simple
- B2.2 Partial articular fractures, medial sagittal, transtrochlear simple, through the groove
- B2.3 Partial articular fractures, medial sagittal, transtrochlear multifragmentary
- B3.1 Partial articular fractures, frontal, capitellum
- B3.2 Partial articular fractures, frontal, trochlea
- B3.3 Partial articular fractures, frontal, capitellum and trochlea
- C1 Complete articular fractures, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fractures, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fractures, multifragmentary
-
Proximal forearm
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Posterior approach
- Safe zones for pin insertion
- Two incision approach
- Anterior approach
- Lateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, avulsion of the triceps insertion
- A1.2 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, simple metaphyseal
- A1.3 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, multifragmentary metaphyseal
- A2.1 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, avulsion of bicipital tuberosity
- A2.2 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, simple radial neck
- A2.3 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, multifragmentary radial neck fracture
- A3.1 Extraarticular fracture of both bones, simple
- A3.2/3 Extraarticular fracture of both bones, one or both multifragmentary
- B1 Articular fracture of the ulna
- B2 Articular fracture of the radius
- B3.1 Simple articular ulna, extraarticular radius
-
- Temporary external fixation
- Hinged external fixation following ORIF
- Tension band wiring for olecranon
- Lag screw and protection plate for olecranon
- Tension band plate for olecranon
- Lag screw fixation for radius
- Compression with T-plate for radius
- Bridging plate (simple, impacted fracture) for radius
- Bridging plate (multifragmentary fracture) for radius
- Replacement arthroplasty for radius
- B3.2 Simple articular radius, extraarticular ulna
- B3.3 Multifragmentary articular of one bone, extraarticular of the other
-
- Temporary external fixation
- Hinged external fixation following ORIF
- Bridging plate for olecranon
- Repair of coronoidal fracture
- Lag screws and plate for radius
- Replacement arthroplasty for radius
- Compression plate for ulna
- Compression plate and lag screw for ulna
- Lag screw and protection plate for ulna
- Bridging plate for ulna
- Lag screw fixation for radius
- Compression with T-plate for radius
- Bridging plate (simple, impacted fracture) for radius
- Bridging plate (multifragmentary fracture) for radius
- C1 Simple articular fractures of both bones
- C2.1 Articular fracture of both bones, Olecranon multifragmentary, radial head simple
- C2.2/3 Articular fracture of both bones, olecranon or coronoid simple, radial head multifragmentary
- C3 Multifragmentary articular fractures of both bones
-
Forearm
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anterior approach (Henry)
- Approach to the ulna
- Dorsolateral (Thompson)
- Combined posterior approach
- Speed and Boyd’s approach
- IM nailing of the ulna
- IM nailing of the radius
- Safe zones in the forearm
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, oblique
- A1.2 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, transverse
- A1.3 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, with dislocation of radial head (Monteggia)
- A2.1 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, oblique
- A2.2 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, transverse
- A2.3 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, with dislocation distal radioulnar joint (Galeazzi)
- A3 Simple fracture of both bones
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate
- B1.1 Intact wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact
- B1.2 Fragmented wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact
- B1.3 Wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact, with dislocation of radial head (Monteggia)
- B2.1 Intact wedge fracture of the radius, ulna intact
- B2.2 Fragmented wedge fracture of the radius, ulna intact
- B2.3 edge fracture of the radius, ulna intact, with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint (Galeazzi)
- B3.1 Ulnar wedge and simple fracture of the radius
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- B3.2 Radial wedge and simple fracture of the ulna
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- B3.3 Radial and ulnar wedge fractures
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- C1.1 Complex fracture of the ulna, bifocal, radius intact
- C1.2 Complex fracture of the ulna, bifocal, radius fractured
- C1.3 Complex fracture of the ulna, irregular
- C2.1 Complex fracture of the radius, bifocal, ulna intact
- C2.2 Complex fracture of the radius, bifocal, ulna fractured
- C2.3 Complex fracture of the radius, irregular
- C3 Complex fracture of both bones
-
Distal radius
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anatomy of the distal radius
- Palmar approaches
- Dorsal approach
- Dorsal to intermediate column
- Approach to radial styloid
- Ulnar Approach
- Landmarks for pin insertion
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Ulna: styloid fracture
- A1.2 Ulna: simple metaphyseal fracture
- A1.3 Ulna: multifragmentary metaphyseal fractures
- A2.1 Radius: extraarticular: undisplaced fracture
- A2.2 Radius: extraarticular: dorsal tilt (Pouteau-Colles)
- A2.3 Radius: extraarticular: volar tilt (Goyrand-Smith)
- A3 Radius: extraarticular: multifragmentary
- B1.1 Partial articular: sagittal: lateral: simple
- B1.2 Partial articular: sagittal: lateral: multifragmentary
- B1.3 Partial articular: sagittal: medial
- B2.1 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): simple
- B2.2 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): with lateral sagittal fracture
- B2.3 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): with dorsal dislocation of the carpus
- B3 Partial articular: volar rim
- C1 Simple articular: with simple metaphyseal injury
- C2 Simple articular: with comminuted metaphysis
- C3 Multifragmentary articular fractures
-
Proximal femur
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral approach (CRIF)
- Nailing approach
- Posterolateral approach
- Anterolateral approach
- Iliofemoral approach
- Direct lateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Pertrochanteric: simple fracture
- A2 Pertrochanteric: multifragmentary fracture
- A3 Intertrochanteric fracture
- B1 Subcapital fracture with slight displacement
- B2 Transcervical fracture
- B3 Displaced, subcapital fracture
- C1 Split fracture of femoral head
-
Femur shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Antegrade nailing (piriformis)
- Antegrade nailing (trochanteric)
- Lateral approach
- MIO approach
- Retrograde nailing
- Locations for pin placement
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple spiral fractures
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- A2 Simple oblique fractures
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- A3 Simple transverse fractures
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - blade plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating (midshaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- B1 Wedge fractures, spiral wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- B2 Wedge fractures, bending wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- B3 Wedge fractures, fragmented wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C1 Complex fractures, spiral
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C2 Complex fractures, segmented
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C3 Complex fractures, irregular
-
- Temporary Thomas splint
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating (MIO) - LISS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
-
Distal femur
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral/anterolateral approach
- Lateral parapatellar approach
- Arthroscopic approach
- MIPO approach
- Medial approach
- Retrograde nailing approach
- Posterior approach
- Medial parapatellar approach
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extra-articular apophyseal fractures, simple
- A1.2/3 Extra-articular metaphyseal fractures, simple
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw -MIO (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate - MIO
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- A2 Extra-articular fractures, metaphyseal wedge
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw - MIO (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate - MIO (LCP)
- Less invasive stabilization system (LISS)
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- A3 Extra-articular fractures, metaphyseal complex
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw - MIO (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate - MIO (LCP)
- Less invasive stabilization system (LISS)
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- B1.1/2 Partial articular fractures, lateral condyle, sagittal; simple
- B1.3 Partial articular fractures, lateral condyle, sagittal; multifragmentary
- B2.1/2 Partial articular fractures, medial condyle, sagittal; simple
- B2.3 Partial articular fractures, frontal; anterior and lateral flake fracture
- B3.1 Partial articular fractures, frontal; anterior and lateral flake fracture
- B3.2/3 Partial articular fractures, frontal; posterior
- C1 Complete articular fractures, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fractures, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fractures, multifragmentary
-
Patella
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Midline longitudinal approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Extraarticular avulsion fracture
- A2 Extraarticular isolated body fracture
- B1.1 Partial articular fractures, vertical, lateral; simple
- B1.2 Partial articular fractures, vertical, lateral; comminuted
- B2.1 Partial articular fractures, vertical, medial; noncomminuted
- B2.2 Partial articular fractures, vertical, medial; comminuted
- C1.1/2 Complete articular fractures, transverse; middle and proximal
- C1.3 Complete articular fractures, transverse; distal
- C2 Complete articular transverse fractures plus additional fragment
- C3.1 Complete articular fractures, complex; with 3 fragments
- C3.2 Complete articular fractures, complex; with more than 3 fragments
-
Proximal tibia
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the fibular head
- A1.2 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the tibial tuberosity
- A1.3 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the cruciate insertion
- A2 Extra-articular fracture, metaphyseal simple
- A3 Extra-articular fracture, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- B1 Partial articular fracture, pure split
- B2 Partial articular fracture, pure depression
- B3 Partial articular fracture, split-depression
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fracture, articular multifragmentary
-
Tibia shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anterior approach
- Anterolateral approach, MIO
- Medial approach, MIO
- Intramedullary nailing approach
- Safe zones for pin insertion
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple spiral fracture
- A2 Simple oblique fracture
-
- Nonoperative (casting)
- Modular external fixator
- Standard (uniplanar) external fixator
- Ring fixator (Ilizarov)
- Intramedullary nailing
- Tibial nailing without image intensification
- MIO - Compression plating
- ORIF - Lag screws through protection plate
- ORIF - Lag screws outside protection plate
- ORIF - Compression plate with lag screw
- A3 Simple transverse fracture
- B1 Spiral wedge fracture
- B2 Bending wedge fracture
- B3 Fragmented wedge fracture
- C1 Complex spiral fracture
- C2 Complex segmental fracture
- C3 Complex irregular fractures
-
Distal tibia
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anteromedial approach
- Anterolateral approach
- Posteromedial approach
- Medial approach
- Minimally invasive approach
- Posterolateral approach
- Nailing approach
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal simple
- A2 Extraarticular wedge fractures
-
- Cast as initial temporary treatment
- Traction (initial provisional stabilization)
- As initial temporary treatment: joint-bridging external fixator
- Hybrid external fixator
- Full ring fixator (Ilizarov)
- Intramedullary nailing (reamed)
- Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis
- Lag screw and protection plate
- A3 Complex metaphyseal fractures
-
- Cast as initial temporary treatment
- Traction (initial provisional stabilization)
- As initial temporary treatment: joint-bridging external fixator
- Hybrid external fixator
- Full ring fixator (Ilizarov)
- Intramedullary nailing (reamed)
- MIPO - Bridge plating of 43-A3.3 fracture
- MIPO - Bridge plating of 43-A3.1/3.2 fractures
- B1 Partial articular fractures – “pure split fractures"
- B2 Partial articular fractures – “split-depression fractures”
- B3 Partial articular fracture, multifragmentary depression
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fractures, multifragmentary
-
- Traction (initial provisional stabilization)
- As initial temporary treatment: joint-bridging external fixator
- Fixation of 3-part articular fracture through anterolateral approach
- Fixation of complex pilon fracture through anterolateral approach
- Fixation of complex pilon fracture through anteromedial approach
-
Malleoli
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral approach
- Lateral approach
- Medial approach (anterior)
- Posteromedial approach
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1/2 Infrasyndesmotic lesion, isolated; rupture of lateral collateral ligaments, or avulsion of the tip of the lateral malleolus
- A1.3 Infrasyndesmotic lesion, isolated; Transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus
- A2.1 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with fracture of the medial malleolus; Rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments
- A2.2/3 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, avulsion of the tip of the lateral malleolus or transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus, with fracture of the medial malleolus
- A3.1 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with posteromedial fracture; Rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments
- A3.2/3 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with posteromedial fracture; Avulsion of the tip, or transverse fracture, of the lateral malleolus
- B1.1/2 Isolated transsyndesmotic fibular fracture; Simple, without or with rupture of the anterior syndesmosis
- B1.3 Isolated transsyndesmotic fibular fracture; Multifragmentary
- B2.1/2 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture: medial lesion; ruptured medial collateral ligament, or simple fracture of the medial malleolus
- B2.3 Transsyndesmotic multifragmentary fibular fracture, with medial lesion
- B3.1 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion and fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann); Simple, with ruptured medial collateral ligament
- B3.2 Transsyndesmotic simple fibular fracture, fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann); with fracture of the medial malleolus
- B3.3 Transsyndesmotic multifragmentary fibular fracture, fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann); medial malleolus fractured
- C1 Suprasyndesmotic simple diaphyseal fibular fracture, with medial lesion, without or with Volkmann injury
- C2 Suprasyndesmotic multifragmentary fracture of the fibula; with medial lesion: without or with Volkmann injury
- C3 Suprasyndesmotic, proximal fibular fracture (Maisonneuve); without or with shortening, with medial lesion, without or with Volkmann injury
-
Pelvic ring
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1
-
Acetabulum
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Kocher-Langenbeck
- Trochanter flip extension
- Iliofemoral approach
- Extended iliofemoral
- Ilioinguinal approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- Nonoperative
- Kocher-Langenbeck
- Ilioinguinal
- Extended iliofemoral
-
Carpal bones
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anatomical structures
- Palmar to the scaphoid
- Dorsal to the scaphoid
- Combined to perilunate
- Reduction & Fixations
- Scaphoid
-
- Proximal pole
-
- Proximal pole fractures
- Displaced
-
- Displaced waist fractures
- Undisplaced
-
- Undisplaced waist fracture
- Perilunate
-
- Dissociation
-
- Scapholunate dissociations
- Lunotriquetral dissociation
- Lunocapitate dissociation
- Dislocation
-
- Complete dislocation of the lunate
- Fracture
-
- Perilunate fractures
-
Proximal phalanx
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Palmar to PIP joint
- Dorsal to the PIP joint
- Midaxial to the proximal phalanx
- Dorsal to phalangeal metaphysis
- Midaxial to the PIP joint
- Reduction & Fixations
- Distal: Articular
-
- Oblique
-
- Oblique distal condylar fracture
- Unicondylar fracture dislocation
-
- PIP joint - unicondylar fracture dislocation
- Bicondylar
-
- PIP joint - T-shaped fracture
- Distal: Metaphyseal (head)
-
- Transverse
-
- Transverse head fracture
- Oblique
-
- Long oblique head fracture
- Short oblique head fracture
- Multifragmentary
-
- Comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis
- Shaft
-
- Transverse
-
- Simple transverse fractures
- Oblique
-
- Short oblique fractures
- Multifragmentary
-
- Multifragmentary fractures
- Oblique wedge fractures
- Proximal: Metaphyseal
-
- Transverse
-
- Base - Transverse fracture
- Oblique
-
- Long oblique fractures
- Simple oblique fractures
- Proximal: Articular
-
- Avulsion
-
- MCP joint - avulsion fracture
- MCP joint - collateral ligament avulsion
- Shearing
-
- MCP joint - vertical shearing fracture
- Multifragmentary
-
- MCP joint - multifragmentary
-
Middle phalanx
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Dorsal to the middle phalanx
- Midaxial to the PIP joint
- Dorsal to the PIP joint
- Palmar to PIP joint
- Midaxial to the middle phalanx
- Reduction & Fixations
- Distal
-
- Unicondylar
-
- DIP joint - oblique unicondylar fractures
- Bicondylar
-
- DIP joint - Bicondylar fracture
- Shaft
-
- Transverse
-
- Simple transverse fracture
- Oblique
-
- Oblique fractures
- Multifragmentary
-
- Multifragmentary fracture
- Proximal
-
- Dislocation
-
- PIP joint - lateral dislocation
- Avulsion
-
- PIP joint - dorsal avulsion fracture
- PIP joint - collateral ligament avulsion
- PIP joint - volar plate avulsion
- PIP joint - small fragment avulsion of volar plate
- PIP joint - comminuted avulsion of volar plate
- Multifragmentary
-
- PIP joint - comminuted and impacted fracture
- PIP joint - Pilon compression fracture
- PIP joint - lateral plateau compression fracture
- PIP joint - central impaction fracture
-
Distal phalanx
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- Distal and Shaft
-
- Transverse
-
- Transverse distal and shaft fracture
- Multifragmentary
-
- Multifragmentary distal or shaft fracture
- Proximal
-
- Dislocation
-
- Ligament injury and dislocation
- Avulsion
-
- Palmar avulsion with small bony fragment
- Dorsal avulsion fracture (mallet finger)
- Palmar avulsion with large bony fragment
-
Thumb
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Palmar to PIP joint
- Dorsal to the PIP joint
- Approach to thumb metacarpal
- Approach to base of the thumb
- Approach to joint of the thumb
- Dorsoulnar to MCP joint
- Midaxial to the proximal phalanx
- Midaxial to the PIP joint
- Percutaneous through finger tip
- Palmar to the DIP joint
- Dorsal to the DIP joint
- Dorsal to IP joint of the thumb
- Reduction & Fixations
- Distal phalanx: Distal and Shaft
-
- Transverse
-
- Transverse distal and shaft fracture
- Multifragmentary
-
- Multifragmentary distal or shaft fracture
- Distal phalanx: Base
-
- Dislocation
-
- Ligament injury and dislocation
- Avulsion
-
- Palmar avulsion with small bony fragment
- Dorsal avulsion fracture (mallet finger)
- Palmar avulsion with large bony fragment
- Proximal phalanx: Articular (head)
-
- Oblique
-
- Oblique distal condylar fracture
- Unicondylar fracture dislocation
-
- PIP joint - unicondylar fracture dislocation
- Bicondylar
-
- PIP joint - T-shaped fracture
- Proximal phalanx: Metaphyseal (head)
-
- Transverse
-
- Transverse head fracture
- Oblique
-
- Short oblique head fracture
- Long oblique head fracture
- Multifragmentary
-
- Comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis
- Proximal phalanx: Base and shaft
-
- Skiers thumb
-
- Avulsion of ulnar collateral ligament (Skier's thumb)
- Pilon fracture
-
- Pilon fractures of the proximal phalanx
- Multifragmentary
-
- Comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx
- Metacarpal
-
- Base
-
- Comminuted fracture of the thumb base
- Extraarticular thumb base fracture
- Bennett fracture
-
- Bennett fracture
- Rolando fracture
-
- Rolando fracture
-
Metacarpals
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Dorsal approach to metacarpals
- Dorsal to 2nd metacarpal
- Dorsal to 5th metacarpal
- Dorsal to base of 5th metacarpal
- Dorso-ulnar to 5th metacarpal
- Dorsal to the MCP joint
- Reduction & Fixations
- Head
-
- Intraarticular
-
- Intraarticular head fracture
- Subcapital
-
- Subcapital fractures
- Base
-
- Base fracture
-
- Base fracture
- Shaft
-
- Multifragmentary
-
- Multifragmentary
- Transverse
-
- Simple transverse fracture
- Oblique
-
- Long oblique (spiral) fracture
- Short oblique fracture
-
No sitemap title available
- Diagnosis
- Overview
-
Foot Talus
- Diagnosis / Decision
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anterolateral to the talus
- Anteromedial to the talus
- Direct lateral to the talus
- Posteromedial to the talus
- Posterolateral to the hindfoot
- Medial malleolar osteotomy
- Lateral malleolar osteotomy
- Reduction & Fixations
- Body fractures
- Neck fractures
- Process fractures
- Special considerations
-
Foot Calcaneus
- Diagnosis / Decision
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- Body fractures
- Special considerations
- Sustentacular fractures
-
Foot Midfoot
- Diagnosis / Decision
- Overview
- Approaches
- Dorsomedial to the navicular
- Percutaneous to the navicular
- Dorsolateral to the cuboid
- Medial utility incision
- Reduction & Fixations
- Cuboid fractures
- Intertarsal injuries and fractures
- Navicular fractures
- TMT (Lisfranc) injuries
-
Mandible
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Use of existing lacerations
- Intraoral approach to symphysis
- Intraoral approach to the angle
- Submental approach
- Submandibular approach
- Retromandibular approaches
- Facelift (rhytidectomy) approach
- Preauricular approach
- Intraoral approach to the ramus
- Safe zones
- Reduction & Fixations
- Symphysis and parasymphysis
-
- simple
- Body
- Angle and ramus
-
- simple
- Condylar process and head
-
Midface
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- The use of existing lacerations
- Approaches to the maxilla
- Lower eyelid - transcutaneous
- Lower eyelid - transconjunctival
- Glabellar approach
- Coronal approach
- Not recommended
- Superolateral orbital rim
- Preauricular approach
- Endonasal approaches
- External rhinoplasty approach
- Extended glabellar approach
- Zygomatic arch (indirect)
- Reduction & Fixations
- Palatoalveolar
-
- Simple injury
- Complex injury
- Le Fort
-
- Type I
-
- Linear fracture
- Unilateral comminution
- Bilateral comminution
- Edentulous patients
- Orbit
-
- Orbital floor fracture
- Medial orbital wall fracture
- Combined fractures (medial wall and orbital floor)
- Orbital roof fracture
- Lateral orbital wall fracture (see Zygomatic complex fracture)
-
- Zygoma
-
- Isolated zygomatic arch fracture
-
- Closed treatment
- Open treatment
- Zygomatic complex fracture
-
- Closed treatment
- Open treatment without orbital reconstruction
- Open treatment with orbital reconstruction
- Nasal/NOE
-
- NOE
-
- Type I
- Type III
- Type II
-
Cranial Vault & Skull Base
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lacerations
- Coronal approach
- Lateral skull base approach
- Posterior skull base approach
- Transmatoid approach
- Endoscopy: Transnasal
- Endoscopy: Central skull base
- Endoscopy: Anterior table
- Reduction & Fixations
- Skull base
-
- Skull base fractures
-
- Lateral skull base
- Central (anterior) skull base
- Posterior skull base
- Anterior skull base
- Temporal bone (lateral skull base)
- Cranial vault
-
- Cranial vault fractures
- Frontal sinus
-
- Anterior table fractures
- Posterior table fractures
-
Dentoalveolar trauma
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- Tooth fracture
-
- Enamel fracture with or without dentin exposure
- Pulp exposure
- Crown-root fracture (with or without pulp exposure)
- Root fracture
- Tooth luxation
-
- Without displacement
- With displacement
- Avulsion (total luxation)
- Alveolar fracture
-
- Segmental fracture