1 General Principles top
Cast treatment is recommended and reliable for:
- undisplaced or minimally displaced extraarticular fractures
- displaced extraarticular fractures that remain stable after closed reduction
- unstable fractures in some low demand patients (when some degree of malunion may be tolerated)
How to make it work:
- exclude unstable fracture patterns
- recognize deformity and correlate to mechanism of injury
- use adequate analgesia
- obtain a good reduction before applying the cast
- meticulous casting technique
- do not immobilize in extreme positions
- careful early follow-up (x-rays and clinical)
Casting in low demand patients
It may not be possible to maintain reduction of a fracture in a cast, but a cast may be useful as a splint to help relieve pain.
2 Reduction top
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Manual reduction
If the fragment is impacted, in principle, the first step in reduction is to disimpact the distal fragment.
It may be necessary to increase the dorsal angulation (B). Then, with traction applied, the distal fragment is pushed distally, and brought down (C + D), in order to align the cortices and restore normal palmar tilt.
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If the fragment is not impacted, or has been disimpacted, longitudinal traction is applied.
Manual traction should be maintained until the application of the cast in order to prevent redisplacement.
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Alternative: Chinese finger traps
Traction can be applied by use of Chinese finger traps and a countertraction force (such as the weight of the limb, or a small sandbag). Firm pressure over any displaced fragments will reduce any displacement.
Unstable oblique or multifragmentary fractures may require more prolonged traction and/or continual traction during cast application. Under these circumstances, suspension of the limb using Chinese finger traps will maintain the traction whilst applying a cast.
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Pearl: Counteract muscle spasm
Reduction may be easier to achieve if traction alone is maintained for several minutes to counteract muscle spasm. This particular arrangement allows a constant traction force to be applied until the muscles relax, and reduction is achieved.
Counter traction using weights may be required to maintain reduction.
3 Below elbow cast top
Imaging
It is advisable to confirm that the fracture is in an acceptable position before applying the cast. This may require image intensifier.
Purpose
The cast used in the non-operative treatment of the majority of distal radial fractures is a below elbow cast. If the ulna is involved, a sugar tong or an above elbow cast may be considered, in order to control forearm rotation.
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The purpose of a cast is to maintain the fracture reduction or prevent displacement, but ideally while minimizing the functional effect on the limb.
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This is normally achieved by applying three point fixation in the directions specific for that fracture pattern.
Care must be taken not to immobilize joints in a position which interferes with long term function, wherever possible.
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Applying a cast
The assistant holds the thumb fully extended with one hand. The other hand holds the radial two/three fingers (avoiding cupping of the hand) maintaining slight traction, with ulnar deviation at the wrist.
If Chinese finger traps have been used instead of an assistant, the cast may be applied before the finger traps are released.
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The initial cast should either be a backslab or a split cast to allow for swelling.
Distal perfusion should be checked at all stages of this procedure and continually monitored after cast completion.
In most fractures, the cast is maintained for 4-6 weeks. Once the initial swelling has subsided, the cast is changed with careful maintenance of position. It may be prudent to obtain a check radiograph in the new cast to make sure that no displacement occurred as the cast was changed.
In fractures which had significant displacement, even if well reduced in the initial cast, there is a significant risk of subsequent displacement and they should be monitored carefully with early radiographs at one and two weeks.
Although a fracture may be remanipulated within two weeks of the injury, if a fracture displaces in a cast, the deformity should either be accepted or the fracture might be better managed with ORIF.
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Pearl
The joints at each end of the cast must be left free to mobilize during the period of casting. Avoid extending the cast too close to the elbow anteriorly (which prevents elbow flexion). Pay particular attention to leaving the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs) free. Failure to do this will result in capsular contracture and loss of MCPJ flexion.
The patient should be encouraged to extend the fingers and make a fist many times daily.
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Pitfall: positional errors
Avoid extremes of any position. Particular difficulties will be encountered if the wrist is immobilized in extreme radial/ulnar deviation and/or flexion.
Monitoring
All patients in a cast should be monitored for pain, swelling, altered sensation or perfusion.
4 Other Casting Options top
A simple forearm cast cannot control pronation and supination. If it is felt important to limit supination and pronation movement in the forearm, for example in ulnar fractures, it is necessary to extend a forearm cast proximally, either by the use of a sugar tong cast or an above elbow cast.
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Sugar tong cast
A sugar tong cast is indicated in injuries of the DRUJ, A1.2/3 fractures and all radial fractures associated with this type of ulnar fracture, if there is concern about any possible displacement.
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A sugar tong splint may be used for the first 2-3 weeks only. It prevents forearm rotation by immobilizing the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), yet allows some elbow flexion/extension, thereby preventing elbow stiffness.
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It should be applied with elastic wrapping to allow for soft-tissue swelling.
